The first hop or leg of a network, often connecting a host to the broader network, is usually the least redundant. This lack of redundancy is caused by its typical configuration with a default gateway IP address linked to a singular device. In the event of this device failing, all users on a specific segment relying on it as their default gateway would be unable to access other subnets, including the Internet.
Various solutions address this issue, collectively known as First Hop Redundancy Protocols (FHRP). However, this article focuses on the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP).
What is Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)?
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol is a straightforward concept. It involves grouping two or more routers or L3 switches into a VRRP group, with one device acting as the active unit and the rest as backup devices. All devices within the group must share identical virtual IP and virtual MAC addresses. End devices then use the virtual IP as their default gateway.
Despite the absence of a physical virtual device, the routers or L3 switches are aware of these virtual parameters. The active device processes traffic data while the other devices in the group monitor it and assume the active role if the currently active device fails. In Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol, the active device is termed the master, while the standby devices are referred to as backups. Consequently, when end devices transmit data to the default gateway (the virtual IP address), only the master device manages the traffic.
The master device is elected based on the highest priority, which is a numerical value between 0 and 255. The default priority is 100, and a priority value of 0 signifies that the device doesn’t partake in the master selection process. It enables faster transitions for backup devices.
What is the History of VRRP?
The development of the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol started in 1997. It was marked by the initial draft published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). In 1998, the protocol received its official definition. Although Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol is an open standard, Cisco asserted ownership of the Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP), a similar proprietary protocol with identical functionality. However, in 2001, Cisco’s Robert Barr stated that they would not enforce any patent claims unless someone tried to assert a claim against Cisco.
As documented on the IETF webpage, IBM also laid claim to patents, but all relevant patents have since expired. The protocol underwent refinement in 2004, culminating in version 2. The current version, VRRP version 3, was published in 2010.
How Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol Works?
1. VRRP Group Creation: Multiple routers are configured to constitute a VRRP group. Each router is assigned a priority value, and the router with the highest priority assumes the master role by default.
2. Virtual IP (VIP) Assignment: A virtual IP address is designated for the VRRP group, serving as the address that clients or end devices use as their default gateway. This virtual IP must not be in use by any individual router in the group.
3. Master Election: The router with the highest priority becomes the master router and is responsible for forwarding packets on behalf of the virtual IP address. In cases where two or more routers share the same priority, the router with the highest IP address in the group becomes the master.
4. Advertisement: The master router regularly transmits VRRP advertisements to other routers in the group. These advertisements contain information about the master router’s priority, the virtual IP address, and other relevant Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol details.
5. Backup Role: The remaining routers in the group function as backup routers, actively monitoring the master router’s availability. If the master router fails to send advertisements within a specified period (the advertisement interval), the backup router with the highest priority assumes the role of the new master.
6. Preemption: VRRP inherently supports preemption, which allows a router with a higher priority to regain the master role if it becomes available again. This ensures that the router with the highest priority serves as the master when operational.
Advantages of Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
1. Redundancy and High Availability: Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol offers redundancy and automatic failover. It guarantees a quick takeover by another router in the group if the master router fails. This minimizes downtime and enhances network availability.
2. Load Balancing: Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol simplifies the distribution of traffic across multiple routers, contributing to balanced network loads and optimized performance.
3. Simple Implementation: Configuration and deployment of VRRP are relatively straightforward, which makes it a practical choice for establishing highly available network architectures.
4. Interoperability: VRRP is a standardized protocol supported by various networking vendors, ensuring seamless interoperability between different devices.
Challenges of Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
1. Single Point of Failure: While VRRP addresses redundancy for the default gateway, it doesn’t mitigate other potential single points of failure within the network, such as upstream switches or links.
2. Equal-Cost Multipath (ECMP) Limitations: Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol lacks inherent support for Equal-Cost Multipath (ECMP) load balancing across multiple paths, as it doesn’t provide per-packet load sharing.
3. Security Considerations: Protecting Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol advertisements is crucial to prevent unauthorized devices from joining the VRRP group or disrupting network operations.
4. Limited Convergence Time: The actual convergence time in VRRP depends on configured timers and network topology, despite its quick failover capability.
The Differences Between HSRP and VRRP
HSRP | VRRP |
Cisco proprietary | IETF – RFC 3768 |
16 groups maximum | 255 groups maximum |
1 active, 1 standby, and multiple candidates | 1 active and several backups |
Different virtual IP address from real IP addresses on interfaces | Virtual IP can be the same as the real IP address on an interface |
Multicast address 224.0.0.2 | Multicast address 224.0.0.18 |
Tracking using interfaces or objects | Tracking using objects |
Hello timer 3 seconds, hold time 10 seconds | Hello timer 1 second, hold time 3 seconds |
Authentication supported | Authentication is not supported in RFC 3768 |
Conclusion
VRRP is a valuable protocol for establishing redundant and highly available network architectures. By allowing multiple routers to share a virtual IP address and ensuring swift failover if the master router falters, VRRP is widely adopted for network resilience. Its ease of implementation with existing network equipment contributes to improved overall network reliability and uptime. However, for comprehensive high availability, it’s essential to consider additional redundancy mechanisms and network design considerations.